茄子直播

This popular painkiller may hamper your ability to notice errors, 茄子直播 researchers say

Dan Randles: 鈥淲e don鈥檛 fully understand how acetaminophen affects the brain鈥

It鈥檚 been known for more than a century that acetaminophen is an effective painkiller, but a new University of Toronto study shows it could also be impeding error-detection  in the brain.

The research, authored by a team including postdoctoral fellow Dan Randles and researchers from the University of British Columbia, is the first neurological study to look at how acetaminophen could be inhibiting the brain response associated with making errors. 

鈥淧ast research tells us physical pain and social rejection share a neural process that we experience as distress, and both have been traced to same part of the brain,鈥 says Randles. 

Recent research has begun to show how exactly acetaminophen inhibits pain, while behavioural studies suggest it may also inhibit evaluative responses more generally. Randles' own past research has found that people are less reactive to uncertain situations when under the effect of acetaminophen.

鈥淭he core idea of our study is that we don鈥檛 fully understand how acetaminophen affects the brain,鈥 says Randles. 鈥淲hile there鈥檚 been recent behavioural research on the effects of acetaminophen, we wanted to have a sense of what鈥檚 happening neurologically.鈥

To test the idea two groups of 30 were given a target-detection task called the Go or No Go. Participants were asked to hit a Go button every time the letter F flashed on a screen but refrain from hitting the button if an E flashed on the screen. 鈥淭he trick is you鈥檙e supposed to move very quickly capturing all the GOs, but hold back when you see a No Go,鈥 says Randles. 

Each participant was hooked up to an electroencephalogram (EEG), which measures electrical activity in the brain. The researchers were looking for a particular wave called Error Related Negativity (ERN) and Error Related Positivity (Pe). Essentially what happens is that when people are hooked up to an EEG and make an error in the task there is a robust increase in ERN and Pe. 
  
One group, which was given 1,000 mg of acetaminophen 鈥 the equivalent of a normal maximum dose 鈥 showed a smaller Pe when making mistakes than those who didn鈥檛 receive a dose, suggesting that acetaminophen inhibits our conscious awareness of the error. 

鈥淚t looks like acetaminophen makes it harder to recognize an error, which may have implications for cognitive control in daily life,鈥 says Randles.

Cognitive control is an important neurological function because people are constantly doing cognitive tasks that flow automatically like reading, walking or talking. These tasks require very little cognitive control because they are well mapped out neurological processes, notes Randles. 

鈥淪ometimes you need to interrupt your normal processes or they'll lead to a mistake, like when you're talking to a friend while crossing the street, you should still be ready to react to an erratic driver,鈥 explains Randles. 

鈥淭he task we designed is meant to capture that since most of the stimuli were Go, so you end up getting into a routine of automatically hitting the Go button. When you see a No Go, that requires cognitive control because you need to interrupt the process.鈥

The study was double blinded, so neither the researcher running the study nor the participant knew whether they had been given a placebo or acetaminophen.

鈥淲e know from past research that acetaminophen inhibits physical pain or distress caused by social rejection,鈥 says Todd Handy, a professor of psychology at UBC and one of the study's co-authors. 鈥淲hat our new study shows is that this numbing extends to our sensitivity to behavioural errors and mistakes 鈥 we still tend to notice them when they happen, but our brains seem to care less about it.鈥

An unexpected and surprise finding that Randles plans to explore more closely is that those who received an acetaminophen dose appeared to miss more of the Go stimuli than they should have. He plans on expanding on the error detection aspect of the research to see whether acetaminophen is possibly causing people to 鈥渕ind wander鈥 and become distracted. 

鈥淎n obvious question is if people aren鈥檛 detecting these errors, are they also making errors more often when taking acetaminophen? This is the first study to address this question, so we need more work and ideally with tasks more closely related to normal daily behaviour.鈥

The research is published in the current edition of the journal Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience. 

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