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300 teeth? Duck-billed dinosaurs would have been dentist鈥檚 dream

Artist depiction of duck-billed dinosaurs
Artist depiction of hadrosaurs (image copyright Danielle Dufault)

Imagine how much dental care you鈥檇 need if you had 300 or more teeth packed together on each side of your mouth.

Duck-billed dinosaurs (hadrosaurs), who lived in the Cretaceous period between 90 million and 65 million years ago, sported this unique dental system, which had never been fully understood until it was examined at the microscopic level through recent research conducted by Aaron LeBlanc, a University of Toronto Mississauga PhD candidate; his supervisor, Professor Robert Reisz (University of Toronto Mississauga vice-dean, graduate), and colleagues at the Royal Ontario Museum and the Museum of the Rockies.

Rather than shedding teeth and replacing them with new ones like other reptiles, hadrosaurs鈥 mouths contain several parallel stacks of six or more teeth apiece, forming a 鈥渉ighly dynamic network鈥 of teeth that was used to grind and shear tough plant material. Although hadrosaur teeth appear to be fused in place, LeBlanc and his colleagues show that the newest teeth were constantly pushed towards the chewing surface by a complex set of ligaments. When viewed under the microscope, the columns of teeth are not physically touching and are held together by the sand and mud that can get in between the teeth following the decay of the soft ligaments after the animals died.

鈥淗adrosaur teeth are actually similar to what we have because our teeth are not solidly attached to our jaws. Like us, hadrosaur teeth would have had some fine-scale mobility as they chewed thanks to this ligament system that suspended the teeth in place,鈥 says Reisz.

As they reached the grinding surface, hadrosaur teeth were essentially dead, filled with hard tissue 鈥 unlike humans, whose teeth have an inner core filled with blood vessels and nerves.

鈥淪ince the teeth were already dead, they could be ground down to little nubbins,鈥 Reisz says.

LeBlanc says this tooth structure&苍产蝉辫;鈥&苍产蝉辫;with its tough grinding surface&苍产蝉辫;鈥&苍产蝉辫;was 鈥渨ell-adapted to break down tough plant material for digestion,鈥 through both shearing and grinding. This adaptation may have contributed to the hadrosaurs鈥 longevity and proliferation.

Reisz says that hadrosaurs had 鈥減robably the most complex dental system ever made.鈥

鈥淚t鈥檚 very elegant 鈥 not a single brick of teeth working as a solid unit,鈥 he says. 鈥淚t鈥檚 more like chain mail, providing flexibility as well as strength.鈥

LeBlanc notes that the duck-billed dinosaur has been known for over 150 years and its dental system has long been recognized as unique, but no one had taken a look inside it at the microscopic level previously. He created thin sections of entire dental assemblies from the upper and lower jaws, that he then ground down, polished and examined under a powerful microscope. Working with their museum colleagues, he and Reisz were also able to explore how hadrosaur teeth form in embryos and hatchlings, providing a more complete picture of this unique model of dental evolution and development.

鈥淭he amazing thing is how consistently these dental assemblies conform to our hypothesis of how the system works,鈥 LeBlanc says. 鈥淓ven in the youngest specimens, the same processes that maintained dental assemblies in the adults were visible.鈥

The paper, published online in, is part of LeBlanc鈥檚 PhD research into the evolution and development of teeth in reptiles and mammals.

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